The A-Z of Sexual Health and Wellbeing

Abstinence

If someone is abstinent, it means they’ve chosen not to have sex. Anyone can choose abstinence, whether they’ve had sex in the past or not.

For some, abstinence means opting out of all sexual activity. For others, it means not having full intercourse but still engaging in outercourse (sex that doesn’t involve penetration).

There are lots of different reasons why someone might be abstinent:

• There’s no suitable contraception available. Not using contraception puts you at risk of pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it’s sensible to wait until you know you’ll both be protected. Pregnancy is still a possibility after any activity where a penis is near a vagina.

• They don’t feel ready to have sex yet. Knowing you want to, and are ready to have sex for the first time is a personal decision that belongs to you and you alone.

• They’ve been through a break-up and need time alone. Being intimate with someone else when you’re coping with the end of a relationship may not be something you want. Some people need to process the loss first.

• They’re focusing on other things in their life, like their career or education. Decentering dating, sex and romantic love from your life may be a conscious choice, or it may happen naturally due to putting your energy towards other areas.

• They have a medical reason to abstain. For example, if someone has recently given birth they will be feeling sore and tired, as well as caring for a newborn. Some procedures require waiting for a period of time before having sex afterwards, such as a laparoscopy, where around four weeks of abstinence is recommended.

• Their personal or religious beliefs promote abstinence. For example, some religions preach waiting until marriage to have sex. Alternatively, someone might prefer to wait until they meet a partner they’re in a serious relationship with.

Adolescence

Adolescence is the time between childhood and adulthood, which the World Health Organisation (WHO) says lasts between the ages of 10 and 19. This is when young people start to go through puberty – physical, emotional and hormonal changes.

In boys and people assigned male at birth:

• Hormones tell the testicles to make testosterone and sperm.

• The penis and testicles grow bigger.

• Erections and ejaculation happen.

• Facial hair can grow.

• The voice can crack and will eventually get deeper.

• Shoulders get wider.

In girls and people assigned female at birth:

• Hormones tell the ovaries to make oestrogen and grow and release eggs.

• Breasts start to grow.

• Hips get wider.

• The amount of body fat increases.

• The first period arrives.

In both sexes, the adrenal glands release hormones that result in underarm and pubic hair growth, body odour and acne. Adolescents may feel anxious, angry and upset more than usual.

Adultery

Adultery is extramarital sex without consent from both partners. It’s often referred to as being unfaithful, cheating or having an affair.

In divorce law, the term ‘adultery’ can have different meanings depending on where you’re from. For example, in the US, the meanings vary across the states, with some defining it as a crime. In the UK law, adultery occurs when sexual intercourse occurs between a man and woman who is not his wife, or a woman and a man who is not her husband.

Anal Sex

Anal sex is a type of sex which stimulates the anus. Most people have anal sex by inserting a penis, finger, or sex toy into the anal canal, but it can also be experienced orally.

For those wanting to give anal sex a try, it’s handy to start with basic anal play. This could be anything from using your mouth on your partner’s bottom to inserting your fingers.

The anus is a delicate part of your body, so try not to rush into anal sex. Foreplay with a trusted partner is a good way to discover what your boundaries and desires are.

How to lower the risk of injury during anal sex

Injuries like anal fissures, infections, and colon perforations are rare, but can happen when the right safety measures aren’t taken. Luckily, there’s plenty of ways to have safe (and fun) anal sex:

• Lubricant – Using a good quality anal lube will make it easier to slide inside the anus without damaging it.

• Enema – An enema prior to sex offers a deep clean of the anus, which lowers the chance of both making a mess and spreading infections. You should learn how to safely do an enema first, and make sure to leave a few hours between doing one and having sex.

• Nails – It’s polite (and more hygienic) to clean and trim your nails before any kind of anal play that involves your hands. This protects your partner’s anus and stops anything unwanted getting stuck underneath your nails.

• Condom – Condoms stop the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The latex used to make condoms can also make it easier to enter your partner — if combined with latex-safe lube.

• Position – There are plenty of anal sex positions you can try to make sure you’re both enjoying yourselves. Communicate with your partner and double check that the receiver is comfortable with the angles and depth of penetration.

• Speed – This isn’t a race. Start slow with anal sex and work up the pace. This lets the receiver’s anus gradually open up to fit a penis or toy without becoming torn.

Can you have an orgasm with anal sex?

Yes! It’s totally possible for some people to orgasm during anal sex. For men and people with penises, this can happen as a direct result of stimulating the P-spot inside the anus. Although they don’t have a P-spot, women and people with vulvas can enjoy and even orgasm during anal sex. Either way, orgasms are often more likely to happen during anal sex if you’re also stimulating the penis, clitoris, or G-spot at the same time.

Areola

The areola is the round or oval area of skin that surrounds the nipple. It’s darker than the rest of the breast and can vary in colour (anything from pale pink to dark brown is normal) and size. It’s normal for them to grow and darken during pregnancy.

The areola has small bumps, which are hair follicles or sebaceous glands called Montgomery glands.

Arousal

Sexual arousal is the formal phrase for being turned on. So, what happens to your body when you’re aroused? It starts with blood flow to the penis or clitoris, which means they become sensitive and slightly swollen. The vulva or vagina may also become wet. Your heart might also beat a little faster.

Arousal can happen at any time, but most commonly it will be during foreplay with a partner, while watching and reading sexual or erotic media, or even when you’re just left alone with your own thoughts.

What are erogenous zones?

Erogenous zones are parts of your body that help trigger sexual arousal. Stroking, kissing, or rubbing certain erogenous zones might turn you on and even heighten your pleasure during sex.

Everyone is different, so you might not have exactly the same erogenous zones as your friends or partner. That said, here are some of the most common areas:

• Vulva

• Clitoris

• Labia

• Vagina

• Anus

• Penis

• Scrotum

• Prostate

• Breasts

• Nipples

• Neck

• Mouth

• Earlobes

• Buttocks

• Tongue

What’s the sexual response cycle?

The sexual response cycle describes how arousal and satisfaction are commonly experienced. The cycle is broken down into four stages:

• Desire – When you get aroused and feel like you want to have sex. You might notice some of the signs of arousal mentioned above.

• Plateau – If you continue the cycle by having sex or masturbating, your sexual arousal will peak. The signs of arousal will increase and you might notice muscle spasms in your face, feet, or hands just before the next phase of the cycle.

• Orgasm – When your sexual pleasure reaches climax. It only lasts a few seconds, but orgasm is the most common end game to becoming sexually aroused. Don’t worry if you can’t orgasm, sex can still be enjoyable and the hormones in your body will dissipate over time even if you don’t climax.

• Resolution – At the end of the cycle, the hormones start to dissipate in your system and your body goes back to its usual state.

Asexual

Some people never have the desire to have sex with another person. This is known as being ‘asexual’ or ‘ace’, and can look different for different people. Some asexual people enjoy kissing, but others prefer to avoid it. Similarly, some asexual people will find masturbation or romantic relationships fulfilling, while others don't.

What are the different types of asexuality?

• Demisexual – If you’re demiseual, you can experience a strong sexual attraction, but only after forming a very deep emotional bond with another person.

• Grey-A – Somewhere between asexual and sexual. You might experience sexual attraction very rarely or without much intensity.

• Queerplatonic – Those who class themselves as queerplatonic have non-sexual, non-romantic relationships, forming very deep connections that don’t fall into traditional boundaries of platonic friendship.

Do asexual people have romantic relationships?

If you’re asexual, it’s still possible to have romantic relationships – but these will vary a lot person-to-person. Some asexual people have sex with non-asexual partners, but not all asexual people will feel comfortable doing so. That’s OK, and there should never be any pressure on them to have sex. Meanwhile, there are people who aren’t interested in having any kind of romantic relationships with others. They may identify as aromantic.

Asymptomatic

If you’re asymptomatic, it means you’re not showing any symptoms of a condition. In terms of sexual health, this means you could have an STI and not know it, which is why regular testing is important if you’re sexually active. It’s possible to have chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, HIV, HPV or syphilis without symptoms.

Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a type of infection which increases the risk of picking up an STI like chlamydia. It can cause unusual or smelly discharge.

BV is not an STI itself – although it can be passed between women who have sex with each other. Men can also pass on BV if they have sex with an infected woman, even though they won’t get the infection themselves.

Symptoms of bacterial vaginosis

Sometimes BV can be symptomless. In fact, half of the people who have it will get no symptoms at all. However, if you do notice any of the following, it could be as a sign of BV:

• A vaginal discharge that has a strong fishy smell, usually after sex

• A change to the color of your regular discharge (usually becoming gray-ish white, thin, and watery).

Soreness and itchiness don’t tend to be related to BV, so if you do have these, something else might be at play. Visit a health professional if you’re concerned.

What causes bacterial vaginosis?

BV is caused by an unbalance of bacteria inside the vagina. The exact causes are not fully known yet by medical science, but women can develop BV if:

• They’re sexually active

• They change sexual partners

• They have an IUD (contraception device)

• Perfumed products are used around the vagina

How to prevent bacterial vaginosis

Because it’s still unknown what the exact cause of BV is, it’s difficult to give clear guidance on how to definitely avoid it. However, two steps you can take are to avoid using any kind of chemical soap or detergent in your vagina, as well as not smoking.

Birth control

Birth control is the name for the different ways you can prevent pregnancy. For example, you can get birth control in the form of a pill that you take every day.

If you have more than one partner, or frequently change partners, it’s best to use a condom. Condoms are the only form of birth control that also prevents the spread of STIs.

There are many different types of birth control, so you can choose one that suits your body and your lifestyle. When you speak to your doctor, they’ll talk you through the options.

To help make your decision, you might want to ask yourself the following:

• How often do you have sex?

• Will you be able to use the birth control method correctly every time you have sex?

• How effective is it?

• Do you need protection from HIV and STIs? If so, it’s best to use condoms.

• How much does the method cost? Will your health insurance cover it?

• Do you need to see a doctor or pharmacist to get it?

• Do you want to have children? If yes, how soon do you want them? Some methods of birth control are easier to reverse than others.

Your doctor can let you know about any side effects, as well as whether any existing health conditions should affect your choice.

Birth control pills

What are birth control pills?

Known casually as “the pill”, birth control pills are a hormonal method of contraception. There are two different types: the combination pill, and the progestin-only pill:

• The combination pill contains the hormones estrogen and progestin. It stops the ovaries from releasing an egg, slows down an egg’s journey down the fallopian tubes, thickens cervical mucus, and thins the uterine lining. All these things stop sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg, making sure you don’t get pregnant.

• The progestin-only pill is also called the minipill. It only has progestin. It also slows an egg’s journey through the fallopian tubes, thickens cervical mucus, and thins the uterine lining. Some types of minipill stop the ovaries from releasing an egg.

How effective are birth control pills?

Birth control pills are 99% effective if used correctly every day.

Who can use birth control pills?

Not everyone can use birth control pills. They’re not suitable for people with certain health conditions.

Do birth control pills have any side effects?

Yes, although the side effects can change from person to person. They’re usually worse during the first few months you start taking the pill. Common side effects are:

• Breast tenderness or swelling

• Headaches

• Nausea

• Low mood

• Spotting between periods

See your healthcare provider if the side effects don’t calm down – you might be better suited to a different pill or another type of contraceptive.

Bisexual

People who are bixesual are attracted to more than one gender. A recent survey found that 75% of young people who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual placed themselves in the latter camp.

Other ways to identify similar to being bisexual

Bisexuals are part of a group that is covered by the broader umbrella of “multisexuality”. People in this bracket identify in different ways, depending on their sexual preferences. Some of the more common ways are:

• Abrosexual – Your sexual preferences are fluid and change on a day-to-day basis.

• Fluid – This is a more gradual version of abrosexuality, where your emotional connection to people changes your sexual inclination towards them. This means you might identify as straight, gay, and everything in between at different points of your life.

• Omnisexual – An omnisexual person is attracted to all genders, but gender plays an important role in how that attraction happens.

• Pansexual – For pansexual people, gender is not important in forming a romantic connection. While they are open to sexual or romantic relationships with people of all genders, it’s their emotional connection which draws them to a person.

• Queer – This term is used for anyone who isn’t heterosexual. While a slur for some time, the word queer has been reclaimed by the community.

• Skoliosexual – People who fall into this category are attracted to transgender and non-binary individuals.

As society's understanding of sexuality evolves, so do the words we use to express our sexual identity. This list is a snapshot of how you might choose to identify, but it's not exhaustive and could change over time.

Bondage

This controlled and safe type of sexual domination is all about sensual power dynamics between consenting parties. It might include the use of restraints, sensation play, and “punishments”. Bondage is also called “ BDSM”. The term can loosely be broken down like this:

• B/D – Bondage and discipline

• D/S – Dominance and submission

• S/M – Sadism and masochism

While the terms sound a touch extreme, it’s important to remember that all BDSM needs to be carried out in a safe and consenting way between all those involved. It’s sexual play, not reality.

How to make bondage as safe as possible

BDSM often involves elements of rough play and restraint, so a good setup involves careful measures to ensure everyone can have fun without being unsafe. These measures might include agreements about:

• Consent – Of the utmost importance, everyone involved in any bondage session needs to be fully consenting at all times. This can be done using safe words and boundaries. 

• Safe words – A quick way to show that a person wants something to stop is by using a safe word. This lets the person in charge know they want a break. Agree safe words beforehand and never ignore a word when it’s used.

• Boundaries – Having clearly defined boundaries ahead of time is a great way to lower the chances of pushing someone’s threshold too far. 

• Sobriety – When alcohol and drugs are involved, boundaries can easily become blurred. It’s safer to stay sober during BDSM. 

• Aftercare – When the playing around is done, have a plan in place for what you want the post-session setup to be. Some people might want reassurance and affection, while others could want food and water if they’re feeling dehydrated.

What are the BDSM roles?

BDSM typically involves an uneven power dynamic. Those in charge are referred to as:

• Dominant – The Dom is in charge of the power dynamic. They’ll dictate what’s happening during any session, including physical “punishments”. But they must respond if a safe word is used.

• Master – A more extreme version of a Dom, these people take on the fully autonomous role of controlling their slaves.

Those who are being controlled might be called:

• Submissive – The sub defers to the Dom’s superiority. They might consent to being humiliated or punished during a session, depending on their preferences.

• Slave – A slightly different version of a sub, slaves allow full control by a master for extended periods of time.

You’ll also find individuals who are known as “ switches”. These people will shift between playing the sub and Dom roles, depending on the person they’re with or the type of scenario that’s being played out.

Butt plugs

This sex toy is designed to be inserted into the anus, and comes in many colors, shapes, and sizes. The tip of a butt plug is usually shaped like a cone, and slides inside the anus before, during, or after sex, or when masturbating.

What is the purpose of a butt plug?

• Self-arousal – Some people like to stimulate themselves with a butt plug during masturbation.

• Anal stimulation during sex – Women and people with vulvas may enjoy the sensation of having penetrative intercourse in both their anus and vagina. Men and people with a prostate may also enjoy inserting a butt plug before oral sex.

• Preparing the anus – You can also use a butt plug to prepare you for anal sex, as it’ll help the anus gradually expand to accommodate a penis or dildo.

• BDSM – Butt plugs are a safe way to anally penetrate someone during bondage.

How to safely use a butt plug

Just as with anything that’s being inserted into your bottom, it’s important to make sure the right precautions are being taken to avoid tears and fissures. Here’s how to stay safe:

• Use anal lube – Lube is essential for anal play because it makes it easier to slip in and out of the anus without damaging it. You can get specialist anal lube that’s thicker and lasts even longer.

• Make sure it’s a proper plug – Use an actual butt plug, rather than a makeshift one. Butt plugs are designed to be easily taken out of the anus and won’t get stuck inside you. 

• Go to the bathroom first – Use the toilet about half an hour to an hour before anal play.

• Wash your hands after – Also be sure to wash your hands to help prevent the spread of harmful bacteria from your rectum. 

• Clean your sex toys between uses – Also remember to properly clean the butt plug before and after use using warm water and a mild soap.

Casual relationships

When someone enters into a relationship which has “no strings attached”, it gives them the chance to explore their sexual side without the romantic responsibilities and commitment which come along with a traditional relationship. Casual relationships typically mean there’s no exclusivity between partners, meaning you’re free to explore physical and emotional relationships with other people.

People often develop feelings for someone they’re sexually intimate with, so it’s important to communicate throughout a casual relationship. Make it very clear from the start what the dynamic is, and what the expectations are for both of you. For anyone who is sexually active, it’s also a good idea to regularly test for STIs. You should feel comfortable talking about this with any casual partner.

Cervical cap

A cervical cap is a silicone cap that you place over your cervix before you have sex. This stops sperm from reaching an egg. This method of contraception works best when used with spermicide.

Planned Parenthood describes the cap as being shaped like a sailor’s hat.

How effective is the cervical cap?

The cervical cap is 86% effective if you’ve never given birth. If you’ve given birth, the effectiveness is 71%.

Does the cervical cap have any side effects?

No, the cervical cap doesn’t contain any hormones so there are no side effects. That said, spermicide can cause irritation, so you might prefer other birth control methods if you have sex a lot.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a common, treatable sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can affect anyone who’s sexually active.

Who can catch chlamydia?

Chlamydia can be passed on from unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex, so you’re at risk if you’re at all sexually active.

What are the symptoms of chlamydia?

People with chlamydia may not realize they have it, because they don’t always have symptoms. However, if you do have symptoms you may experience the following:

If you have a vulva:

• Unusual vaginal discharge

• Burning while peeing

If you have a penis:

• Unusual discharge from the penis

• Burning while peeing

• Pain and/or swelling in one or both testicles

Anyone:

• Discharge from the rectum

• Bleeding from the rectum

• Pain in the rectum

How can I protect myself from chlamydia?

If you’re sexually active you can protect yourself from chlamydia by using barrier methods (i.e. a condom) every time you have sex. If you’re in a mutually monogamous relationship, and want to stop using condoms, you can both go for an STI screening to check you don’t have anything.

Testing for chlamydia

Your healthcare provider can test for chlamydia using a urine sample or a cotton swab (if you have a vulva). The samples are sent to a lab for testing, with the results told to you as soon as they come back.

Treatment for chlamydia

Chlamydia can be treated with an antibiotic. It can come back, so you’ll usually be retested a few months after the first treatment to check if the infection is gone.

What are the long-term effects of chlamydia?

Chlamydia can cause health problems if left untreated, especially in women and people with vaginas. Most notably, it can lead to a condition called pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause:

• Chronic pain in the abdominal and/or pelvic areas

• Ectopic pregnancy (i.e. a pregnancy that implants outside the uterus)

• Infertility

• Scar tissue blocking the fallopian tubes

• Swelling and infection of the testicles

• Swollen joints

• Eye infections

Cisgender

When you’re born, your gender is assigned (male or female) based on your genitalia. If you still identify as that gender, this is known as being cisgender.

Being cisgender isn’t set in stone. If you feel throughout your life that your gender identity has changed, it’s possible to no longer be cisgender. For example, someone who was assigned male at birth might later identify as a woman. This is known as being transgender.

Being cisgender doesn’t make you straight. Many members of the LGBTQ+ community still identify as the gender they were assigned at birth, but they’re not heterosexual.

Communication

In order for everyone to enjoy their sexual experiences, it’s important for a strong level of communication to exist between all parties. That goes beyond consent, too. It’s healthy to communicate about what turns you on, what your boundaries are around sex, and how often you like to have it.

How to communicate clearly about sex with your partner

If you’re not sure how to approach conversations about sex, keep these questions mind:

• Desires – What do you want from a sexual relationship? 

• Frequency – How often do you want to have sex? 

• Turn-ons – What are things a partner could do to arouse you?

• Turn-offs – What might a partner do that kills your sexual arousal? 

• Safe words – What special word or code will help you feel safe during sex?

• Kinks – What are alternative pleasures which you want to explore more?

Everyone’s sexual experience is different. That’s why talking with a partner is one of the most important things you can do to make sure you’re having satisfying and pleasurable sex.

Condoms

Condoms are a type of contraception that can help to prevent pregnancy and the transmission of STIs. You might hear healthcare professionals call condoms the “barrier method”. There are two types:

• External condoms, which cover the penis.

• Internal condoms, which go inside the vagina.

External condoms can be made of latex, polyisoprene, polyurethane, or lambskin. Internal condoms are made of nitrile and polyurethane.

How effective are condoms?

The male condom is 98% effective if used perfectly, and 87% effective in real life. The female condom is 95% effective if used perfectly, and 79% effective in real life.

Condoms are the only way to prevent both pregnancy and STIs.

Do condoms have any side effects?

No, although some people are allergic to latex, which lots of condoms are made of. You can buy condoms made of polyurethane instead.

Consent

For sex to be consensual, everyone must enthusiastically choose to be involved. Not only that, but both you and your partner(s) should feel you can make that choice freely without pressure or coercion.

Everyone has the right to say no to sex at any time, even if they’re in a relationship or have agreed to it before.

When does a “yes” also mean no?

Someone who feels forced, manipulated, or tricked into having sex has not necessarily given consent, even if they have verbally or physically agreed to it. Fear or an imbalance of power can also make someone say “yes” when they mean “no”. 

For example, a person in an abusive relationship might submit to sex because they fear the consequences of crossing their partner.

Just as someone might feel coerced to hand over money to a criminal holding a weapon, so too might someone feel like they have to surrender their body in certain situations.

When is it not possible to give consent?

If someone is being coerced, or they are under the influence of a substance which prevents them from making informed decisions, they will be unable to give consent. By law, people below a certain age cannot give consent.

What is the age of consent?

The age of consent is the minimum age a person can consent to have sex, according to the law. If someone has sex with a person who is below the age of consent, this could result in prosecution and statutory rape charges. In the United States, the age of consent is 16 years old, but this varies around the world.

Diaphragm

A diaphragm is a type of contraception. It’s a silicone cup that looks like a shallow bowl that you insert into your vagina before sex. It covers the cervix, stopping sperm from reaching your eggs. You can use a diaphragm with spermicide for extra protection.

How effective is a diaphragm?

A diaphragm is 94% effective with perfect use, and 83% effective with real-life use.

Does a diaphragm have any side effects?

No, the diaphragm doesn’t contain any hormones so there are no side effects. However, spermicide can cause irritation if you use it a lot.

Dildos

Dildos are sex toys which can be used in the mouth, anus, or vagina for sexual pleasure. They’re often shaped like penises, but come in a range of sizes, colors, and even base material. Glass, metal, and silicone are all popular options. You can choose whether you prefer a “realistic” dildo or something less obviously penis-shaped, depending on your preferences. Some dildos also come with suction cups, which allow them to be attached to surfaces.

How to use a dildo safely

Sliding something into your body should always be done with caution. Here are some tips for making sure you’re using a dildo in a safe way:

• Do your research – Some dildos are sold for novelty use only, so be sure to pick one that’s actually designed for sexual pleasure. That means it should be made with body-safe materials, like ABS plastic, borosilicate glass, metal, or silicone.

• Start small – Some dildos can become quite long or girthy. Work your way up by using one that you feel immediately comfortable with.

• Lubricant – Lube is always a smart idea when using a product that you insert. It makes using a dildo more comfortable and fun. Water-based lube is recommended for most toys as silicone-based lube will break down the material of a silicone dildo.

• Wash them – To avoid bacteria spreading, always clean your sex toys carefully after use.

Are dildos the same as vibrators?

A dildo is designed for insertion, whereas most vibrators are designed to stimulate external pleasure points, whether that’s the clitoris, anus, nipples,or anywhere else. That said, some dildos do vibrate and some vibrators are insertable. The options are pretty endless.

How to properly clean a dildo

Cleaning your sex toys is important for stopping the spread of bacteria. Most dildos can be washed using mild soap and warm water. Make sure to check if the toy is waterproof before submerging it, though.

You can also use a damp cloth or sex toy cleansing wipes to surface clean your dildo. But, be warned, if you share toys with other people, a surface clean might not be enough. It's best to place a condom over your dildo or wash it thoroughly with sex toy cleaner every time.

If not, you may need to disinfect it. Pure silicone, stainless steel, and borosilicate glass dildos can all be sterilized by boiling in a pan of water for three minutes.

Discharge

Vaginal discharge is the body’s way of cleaning and lubricating the vagina. It also happens to help fight off bad bacteria and infection. The amount of discharge people have will vary, so only worry about yours if you notice it suddenly change.

What is considered normal vaginal discharge?

While every vagina is different, there are some telltale signs that what’s being secreted is normal:

• Color – Clear, milky-white, or off-white discharges are usually healthy. Yellow, brown, green, or gray may mean something is wrong.

• Smell – While some discharge has a slight odor, it should never smell fishy or unpleasant.

• Texture – It can be either very thin and watery or thicker and clumpy and still be normal. Your discharge will also change during your cycle or pregnancy. It’s nothing to worry about.

• Amount – Again, there’s no right amount which a person will produce. It’s only worth taking note if this changes.

While it’s normal for your discharge to change consistency throughout your cycle, sudden changes in the smell or color might mean you have an underlying health condition. Talk to a healthcare provider if anything is concerning you about your discharge.

Emergency contraception

If you have unprotected sex, emergency contraception exists to prevent you from getting pregnant when you don’t want to. It’s important to take this within three-to-five days of having sex, or it might be too late to work.

What is emergency contraception?

There are two types of emergency contraception:

• The morning after pill

• An IUD (intrauterine device)

The pill is taken as a substitute for regular birth control, while an IUD should be inserted by a healthcare professional within a five-day window of having unprotected sex. If someone uses this type of contraceptive after sex, there’s a 95% chance of preventing pregnancy.

Does emergency contraception have any side effects?

It’s not unusual for there to be side effects when taking this kind of medication. These should be mild at most. If you notice any of the following becoming more severe, reach out to your doctor:

• Nausea and vomiting

• Irregular vaginal bleeding

• Fatigue

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic health condition where cells similar to the ones in the womb lining grow in other parts of the body. There’s no cure, but it can be managed with treatment, including pain medication, hormonal birth control, and surgery.

One of the symptoms of endometriosis is pain during or after sex. That’s because it can put pressure on parts of the pelvis where endometriosis is found.

It’s important not to ignore the pain. Instead, talk to your partner outside of the bedroom. Explain how endometriosis impacts your feelings about sex, and let them know which positions are painful. Together, you can find other ways to make the experience fun , from more comfortable positions (shallow penetration tends to be better) to non-penetrative activities like oral sex and massages.

Erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the medical name for when a man struggles to get or maintain an erection. You may find you’ll still wake up with an erection if you have ED, but aren’t able to keep your penis hard when trying to have sex with a partner.

What can cause erectile dysfunction?

ED is a common part of getting older and you definitely don’t need to hide it. By the time you reach your 40s, a lot of guys will begin to experience performance issues every now and then. You only need to speak to a medical professional if you feel that ED is getting in the way of your confidence or impacting your health.

Several factors might play a part in ED. While aging is the main cause, the actual reasons for losing your mojo might be as a result of the side effects that come with getting older. That means things like:

• High blood pressure

• High cholesterol

• Diabetes

• Depression or anxiety

• A hormone imbalance

Stress, tiredness, or drinking too much alcohol can also play a role in your ability to get an erection.

What can you do to alleviate the symptoms of erectile dysfunction?

Improving your lifestyle could help reduce the symptoms of ED. You could:

• Quit smoking

• Cut back or stop drinking

• Eat a balanced diet with a variety of vegetables

• Exercise regularly

• Speak to a healthcare professional

You can also get medication to help maintain an erection. It’s likely you’ve heard of Viagra. While Viagra is the most universally recognized of the “little blue pills”, it’s not the only one available. Speak to a healthcare provider if you’re unsure which treatment is the best fit for you.

Erogenous zones

The erogenous zones are areas of your body which are connected to sexual arousal. Aside from your genitals, common erogenous zones include nipples, neck, perineum, buttocks, and scrotum.

Almost anywhere on your body can be considered an erogenous zone – it just depends where and how you like to be touched. Find more examples of erogenous zones under Arousal.

Estrogen

Estrogen is a hormone that exists in everyone. It’s important for good cognitive, bone, and cardiovascular health.

Most commonly though, estrogen is associated with female reproductive sexual health. This hormone is important for women in a lot of ways:

• Ovaries – Stimulating the growth of an egg follicle.

• Vagina – Maintaining the thickness of the vaginal wall and helping to keep it lubricated.

• Uterus – Enhancing and maintaining the mucous membrane that lines the uterus, as well as regulating the flow and thickness of uterine mucus secretions.

• Breasts – The creation of breast tissue can be impacted by the hormone, as well as stopping the flow of milk after the weaning period is over.

What happens if you have an estrogen imbalance?

An estrogen imbalance can trigger a number of knock-on effects for your body. These include things like:

• Irregular or a total lack of menstruation

• Hot flashes and sweating at night

• Mood changes and problems falling asleep

• Weight gain in the hips, thighs, and waist

• A low sex drive

• Vaginal dryness

• Fatigue

• Mood swings

• Feelings of depression

• Infertility

If you have an imbalance, therapies and supplements are available to help. These will usually come in the form of a pill, nasal spray, patch, skin gel, injection, vaginal cream, or ring. Always speak to a medical professional before starting any treatment.

Fallopian tube

The fallopian tubes are a passageway through which a fertilized egg will travel to your uterus. It’s in your fallopian tubes where the fertilization process actually happens, with the egg then moving down to your uterus to begin growing into a baby.

What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes?

The fallopian tubes have a number of purposes, all related to getting pregnant:

• The location where fertilization happens

• The holding place of a mature egg, which is released at the end of the monthly menstrual cycle

• The passageway which sees an egg move to your uterus

What kind of medical conditions are associated with fallopian tubes?

Fallopian tubes are vulnerable to medical conditions like:

• Ectopic pregnancy

• Endometriosis

• Fallopian tube cancer

• Fibroids

• Hydrosalpinx

• Paratubal cysts

• Salpingitis/Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

What can you do to keep your fallopian tubes healthy?

One of the best ways to do your part in keeping your fallopian tubes safe is to practice safe sex. STIs can damage your fallopian tubes, so lowering the risks of getting one helps to protect them.

Fertility

Fertility is the factor used to understand whether you’re able to get pregnant or get someone else pregnant. The better your fertility rate, the easier it will be to have a baby. If you’re struggling to conceive, you can speak to your doctor to get a clearer picture of your fertility.

What factors affect fertility?

A lot can play a role in how fertile someone is. Some of the most common are:

• Age – You may find it harder to conceive after 40, but this varies between genders and individuals.

• Health conditions – Diabetes, thyroid disorders, and autoimmune diseases can all affect fertility. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis, can also reduce your chances.

• Sexual health – If left untreated, conditions like chlamydia and gonorrhea can cause fertility problems.

• Lifestyle – A poor diet, smoking, or being significantly overweight may impact your ability to conceive.

How can I improve my fertility rate?

If you’re worried about your fertility, speak to a doctor first. If you don’t have an underlying condition, you may be able to improve your chances of conception by improving your lifestyle. When you’re trying for a baby, it’s recommended that you:

• Eat a balanced diet

• Limit caffeine, alcohol, or unprescribed drugs

• Take prenatal vitamins

Of course, it’s also important to have sex regularly, particularly when fertility peaks around the middle of a woman’s monthly cycle.

There are about six days during the menstrual cycle when you’re more likely to get pregnant. This is known as the “fertile window”. If the first day of your period is day one, the fertile window usually starts around day nine (but it can vary for everyone).

Fertility awareness methods

The fertility awareness method is a form of menstrual cycle tracking that’s supposed to reduce your risk of pregnancy. By tracking your cycle, you’re able to predict when your fertile window is, so you can avoid having sex during that time.

But remember, it’s not foolproof. It’s hard to know exactly when the fertile window happens, as every cycle is different. Even if you’re tracking your cycle carefully, it’s still possible to get pregnant. This approach to contraception is always best paired with a more concrete method, like using condoms.

Foreplay

When done right, foreplay makes sex fun and enjoyable for all parties. This might involve stimulation with the hands or mouth, role-playing, erotic games, or the use of sex toys. Foreplay could be anything that gets you aroused and helps you enjoy sex more. Try experimenting with your partner and talk about what feels good.

Genital warts

Genital warts are small lumps on the genitals, perineum or anus. They’re the result of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common STI. There are different types of HPV, with 40 types that affect the genitals.

HPV often goes away by itself. If it doesn’t, it can cause genital warts and more serious health conditions, like cancer. The type of HPV that causes genital warts isn’t the same as the type that can cause cancer.

Who can develop genital warts?

Anyone who’s sexually active can get HPV and develop genital warts, although lots of people with HPV never get symptoms.

What are the symptoms of genital warts?

Genital warts can be white, red, the color of your skin, or darker than your skin, and may be soft or firm, raised or flat. They don’t cause any symptoms, but they might be itchy or painful.

How can I protect myself from genital warts?

If you’re sexually active you can protect yourself from HPV and genital warts by using condoms every time you have sex. If you’re in a mutually monogamous relationship, you can both get an STI test before you stop using condoms.

That said, condoms might not cover every area affected by HPV. If you or your partner have an outbreak of genital warts, you can stop it spreading by avoiding all sexual contact until all the warts are gone.

You can also protect yourself from HPV by getting vaccinated against it, and attending screening for cervical cancer (sometimes known as a pap smear).

Testing for genital warts

There’s no test for HPV, but healthcare providers can diagnose genital warts on sight. 

Treatment for genital warts

Genital warts can be treated with solutions applied directly to the skin, or removed through surgery.

Long-term effects of genital warts

Genital warts can grow and spread if they’re left untreated.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a common treatable STI that can infect your genitals, rectum and throat.

Who can catch gonorrhea?

Gonorrhea can be passed on through unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex, so you’re at risk if you’re sexually active.

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

Someone with gonorrhea won’t always have symptoms. If they do, they may notice:

• A burning sensation when they pee

• An increase in vaginal discharge, or discharge from the penis

• Bleeding in between periods

• Swollen testicles

• Discharge from the anus

• A sore or itchy anus

• Bleeding from the anus

• Pain when going to the toilet

How can I protect myself from gonorrhea?

If you’re sexually active you can protect yourself from gonorrhea by using condoms every time you have sex. If you’re in a mutually monogamous relationship, you should both get an STI screening before you stop using condoms.

Testing for gonorrhea

Your healthcare provider can diagnose gonorrhea with a urine sample. They might also use a cotton swab to collect samples from the urethra, cervix, rectum or throat. These will be sent to a lab for testing and they’ll follow up with the results.

Treatment for gonorrhea

Gonorrhea can be treated and cured with antibiotics. You’ll normally be tested a few months after the course of treatment is complete to check it’s worked.

Long-term effects of gonorrhea

Untreated gonorrhea can spread and infect other parts of the body and increase the risk of contracting HIV.

If left untreated in women and people with vulvas, gonorrhea can lead to a condition called pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause:

• Chronic pain in the abdominal and/or pelvic areas

• Ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy that implants outside the uterus)

• Infertility

• Scar tissue blocking the fallopian tubes

• Swelling and infection of the testicles

• Swollen joints

• Eye infections

If it’s left untreated in men and people with penises, gonorrhea can lead to a condition where the tubes attached to the testicles become inflamed, which can cause infertility.

GUM Clinic

A GUM clinic is a place where you can get access to sexual health services (GUM stands for genitourinary medicine). They’re there to provide guidance for anyone with a sexual health issue, including STIs, abortion, unwanted pregnancy, and sexual assault.

Gynecologist

A gynecologist is a medical professional who specializes in gynecology, i.e. female reproductive health. They are sometimes confused with an OB/GYN, but they’re not the same (an OB/GYN also specializes in obstetrics: all aspects of pregnancy). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that “people assigned female at birth (AFAB) should see a gynecologist for the first time when they’re between 13 and 15”.

Hepatitis (A-E)

Hepatitis is the name given to certain viruses which can attack the liver. All of them, other than Hepatitis E, are transmissible through sexual contact with an infected person. Here’s what you need to know about each.

Hepatitis A

A less severe variant, people tend to recover from Hepatitis A within a few months. It can be spread through food, as well as any water supply that’s contaminated by the fecal matter of an infected person.

Hepatitis B

95% of people who get Hepatitis B do not have it chronically, but for a few it will stay for life. It’s commonly spread by infected blood, sharing dirty needles, or touching an infected person’s bodily fluid. If a pregnant woman is infected, it may spread to the fetus.

Hepatitis C

The most severe of all the types, Hepatitis C will develop into a chronic liver condition for 75-85% of people. It’s less common to contract Hepatitis C through sex, but it’s still possible.

Hepatitis D

In order to contract Hepatitis D, you must already be infected with B.

Hepatitis E

This version of the virus can be contracted in the same way as the others, but also through eating undercooked food like pork, venison, and shellfish. This makes it common. It’s important to be vaccinated against it, as it can have a severe effect on pregnant people.

Vaccines are currently available for Hepatitis A, B, and E.

HIV and AIDS

What is HIV?

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It attacks white blood cells and weakens the immune system, which increases the risk of contracting other illnesses. The World Health Organization estimates that 38.6 million adults were living with HIV at the end of 2023. Fortunately, HIV is manageable with the right treatment.

What is AIDS?

AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It’s the most advanced stage of the HIV infection. Untreated HIV can turn into AIDS.

Who can catch HIV?

Anyone can catch HIV. It spreads through the exchange of bodily fluids like blood, semen, pre-cum, anal mucus, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. A pregnant person with HIV can transmit it to their child during pregnancy or delivery.

Your risk of catching HIV is higher if:

• You have unprotected anal or vaginal sex

• You have another STI

• You share needles when injecting drugs

• You come into contact with contaminated blood

Note: HIV is not spread through kisses, hugs, handshakes, spitting, sneezing, coughing, sharing a toilet, or sharing food, water, or personal items.

What are the symptoms of HIV?

Early symptoms of HIV include:

• Headache

• Sore throat

• Fever

• Rash

Other symptoms can develop once the infection impacts the immune system:

• Losing weight

• A cough

• Weight loss

• Swollen lymph nodes

• Diarrhea

How can I protect myself from HIV?

You can prevent HIV being passed on by:

• Correctly using a condom during sex.

• Regular sexual health screening.

• Not sharing needles.

• Taking antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) if you’re at high risk of HIV. If they’re taken before exposure to HIV they’re known as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and if they’re taken after someone has been exposed they’re known as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).

• Using the dapivirine vaginal ring, which releases an antiviral drug slowly over the course of one month.

Testing for HIV

There are three types of test for HIV:

• The antibody test, which looks for HIV antibodies in your blood or oral fluid. The blood can be taken from a finger prick or a vein.

• The antigen/antibody test, which looks for HIV antibodies and antigens in your blood. The blood is normally taken from a vein, but is sometimes taken from a finger prick.

• The nucleic acid test (NAT), which looks for HIV in your blood. The blood is taken from a vein. The NAT can detect whether HIV is present and how much of it.

Many tests give you results on the same day. If you test positive, further tests are needed before a proper diagnosis can be made and treatment can start.

Treatment for HIV

There’s no cure for HIV, but it can be managed with proper care. Antiretroviral drugs reduce the amount of the virus in the body and strengthen your immune system.

Someone with HIV who’s taking effective treatment and has an undetectable amount of HIV in their blood (known as an undetectable viral load) can’t pass HIV on through their bodily fluids. This is why testing and treatment are so important.

Long-term effects of HIV

HIV can progress into AIDS if it’s left untreated. AIDS is the final stage of the infection, and leaves you vulnerable to serious conditions such as bacterial infections, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, meningitis, and cancer.

Hormones

Hormones are chemicals in the body that help our internal systems function. Glands, organs, and even tissue all release hormones. These chemicals play a major role in factors like:

• Our metabolism

• Growth and development

• Sexual function

• Our sleep-wake cycle

• Our ability to reproduce

It’s thought that there are 50 different hormones in our bodies, all working together as part of our endocrine system.

What does a hormone imbalance mean?

When someone produces too much or too little of one type of hormone, it can be called an imbalance. When this happens, you might develop health issues like:

• Diabetes

• Thyroid disease

• Irregular menstruation

• Infertility

• Obesity

Your sex, i.e. male or female, affects how much of some hormones you have. For example, people assigned male at birth might have more testosterone, whereas those assigned female usually produce more estrogen. This is normal, but it’s also not uncommon for small discrepancies within a gender. If a woman produces slightly more testosterone than average, it doesn’t mean she’s not a woman.

What can cause a hormone imbalance?

There are several reasons why someone might experience a hormone imbalance. The most common are:

• Tumors or other growths

• Damage to an endocrine gland

• Autoimmune diseases

• Hereditary gene mutations

If you need support with hormone issues, seeing an endocrinologist is the best way to go. These medical professionals specialize in hormones and their relationship to our wider bodily health.

Hymen

The hymen is a small and thin piece of tissue at the end of the opening of the vagina. Several non-sexual activities can cause a hymen to break, such as:

• Inserting a tampon

• Riding a bike

• Strenuous exercise

• Riding a horse

• Masturbation

• Having an invasive examination done

Some people might experience pain or bleeding when their hymen breaks, but others may not even notice it at all. After it’s gone, the hymen does not grow back.

Some types of hymen might cause issues because of the way in which they block the vaginal opening:

• Imperforate – A thin membrane blocking the opening to the vagina. This can lead to menstrual blood getting stuck inside the vagina, causing a vaginal mass, back or abdomen pain, and trouble with bowel movements.

• Microperforate – This kind of hymen also blocks the opening of the vagina, but usually allows some blood to flow out. Sometimes people with this type of hymen can insert a tampon, but it might get stuck when filled with blood.

• Cribriform – This type of hymen has a number of very small openings. This means menstrual blood and secretion can flow out of the vagina, but a tampon can’t be used.

• Septate – This happens when the hymenal membrane has extra tissue which causes two openings instead of one. This can also result in tampons being hard to insert, or remove.

If you have any of these kinds of hymen, you may need to talk to a doctor about what surgeries are available to remove it.

The implant

The implant is a small plastic rod or shaft that’s slipped under the skin in your arm. It’s around 4 cm (1.5 in) in length, and doesn’t hurt too much to be inserted.

It works by releasing progestogen into your blood system. This stops a woman’s ovaries from releasing an egg on a monthly basis. If you feel uncomfortable or want to remove the implant at any time, a doctor or nurse can do this easily.

How effective is the implant?

The implant is 99% effective for preventing pregnancy. Studies have shown that less than 1 in 1,000 people using it across a three-year period will become pregnant. That’s why more people are turning to it as an alternative contraception method.

Does the implant have any side effects?

Just as with any invasive procedure, using the implant comes with some side effects. The most common of these is a change to the nature of your periods. Some differences you might notice are:

• Periods being lighter

• Less regular periods, with spotting between them

• More heavy or painful periods

• Longer lasting periods

• Periods stopping completely

These changes are normal, but if you feel uncomfortable with anything that’s happening, it’s always recommended to speak to your doctor.

Other side effects might include mood changes, headaches, sore breasts, weight gain, acne, thrush, and bacterial vaginosis.

Irregular periods

The average menstrual cycle lasts 28 days, but it can vary. If your period arrives consistently every 21-35 days, that’s considered a regular period. But if you notice your cycle changes a lot from month-to-month, you may need to speak to your doctor to understand what the cause is.

Your period might be considered irregular if:

• The number of days between periods regularly changes

• The amount of menstrual blood changes month-to-month

• Your periods start less than 21 days apart

• Your periods start more than 35 days apart

It’s useful to track your period so you can notice any trends, irregularities, or changes.

Lifestyle factors

• Weight gain

• Eating disorders

• Stress

• Hormonal contraception methods

• Exercising too much

Health conditions

• Endometriosis

• Pelvic inflammatory disease

• Fibroids

• Adenomyosis

• Polycystic ovary syndrome

• Thyroid problems

If you’re at all worried about your menstrual health, speak to a medical professional.

IUDs

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, plastic T-shape device which a doctor or nurse can put inside your uterus to stop you from becoming pregnant.

How effective is an IUD?

An IUD is 99% effective. They’re also proven to work as emergency contraception, with results showing that 99.9% of pregnancies were avoided as a result of inserting one with 120 hours (or 5 days) of unprotected sex. 

Does the IUD have any side effects?

Just as with any contraceptive, those using an IUD might get side effects. Some common examples are:

• Period-like pains for a few days after

• Spotting and bleeding between periods

• Longer, heavier, and more painful periods

• A chance of getting thrush or BV

Less common side effects may also rear their head. While rare, it’s possible to experience the following:

• Pelvic infections (usually within the first three weeks)

• The IUD moving or even coming out

• Damage to your uterus

If you notice anything that doesn’t feel right, speak to your doctor. 

Jism

Jism or “jizz” is a colloquial term used to describe semen.

Kink

A kink is an umbrella term for any sexual activity or interest which might be unconventional. That might be something like role play, or discipline and impact play, such as spanking.

There’s nothing unusual about having a kink and they are, in fact, quite common. Before exploring your sexual preferences, make sure you communicate with your partner and start with consent and clear boundaries.

Labia minora

The labia minora are the two inner folds of the skin which can be found at the opening of the vagina. Some people call them “lips”. They protect the vaginal and urethral openings from dryness, damage, and infection.

When a woman gets aroused, the labia minora helps spread lubrication from nearby glands to the vaginal area and clitoris. This can make sexual intercourse more enjoyable, but it’s not that long-lasting. During sex or masturbation, lube can help keep you wet.

Libido

Libido is another word for sex drive — it describes how often you get aroused and want to have sex. Libido varies a lot from person-to-person, and can be influenced by pretty much anything.

For example, you might want to have sex a lot more when you first get into a relationship than after 30 years of marriage. Similarly, you might rediscover sex as a pensioner. It’s normal to see peaks and troughs all throughout your life.

Health conditions, high stress levels, and even certain medications can all dull your sex drive.

What might cause someone’s libido to dip?

There are a lot of reasons why a libido might dip. Here are some of the most common:

• Fatigue

• Stress

• Performance anxiety

• Overfamiliarity with your partner

• Sexual incompatibility

• Depression

• PTSD

• Hormone imbalance

• Underlying health conditions

How is a low libido treated?

If you think your libido has become lower because of a hormonal imbalance or health condition, it’s wise to speak to a medical professional. After hearing what you have to say, they might recommend:

• Specific treatment for any underlying condition

• Counseling

• Stress management

• Hormone therapy

Lube

Lubricant, or “lube” for short, is a type of gel used to enhance or replace the sensation of moisture during sex, foreplay, and masturbation. Lube can enhance your pleasure, while also preventing chafing or tearing in sensitive areas.

Different types of lube include:

• Water-based – The most versatile type of lube. Always recommended for use with sex toys.

• Silicone-based – These tend to stay slippery for much longer than water-based lubes, but they’re not recommended for use with sex toys.

• Oil-based – Oil based lubes stay slippery for the longest, but they do tend to degrade condoms more quickly.

• Fertility-friendly – Some lubes are created with aiding fertility in mind. They help sperm travel through a woman’s reproductive system without damage.

• Hybrid lube – These kinds of lubes are mostly made of water, but also use a small amount of silicone. This makes them more slippery and longer lasting.

Menstruation

Menstruation is the medical name for a period. It’s when blood and mucosal tissue is shed from the uterus and leaves the body via the vagina. This is a natural part of the menstrual cycle.

Most periods last between two and seven days, with bleeding at its heaviest on days one and two. During a period, a woman can expect to lose around 20 to 90 ml of blood – which is about 1 to 5 tablespoons.

The first day of your period is day one of your menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle is typically thought to be 28 days long but,  realistically, your cycle might range anywhere from 21 to 35 days. Your cycle is dictated by hormonal fluctuations which may also impact your mood, energy levels, and overall sense of wellbeing.

When do periods start?

Girls tend to start having periods around the age of 12 – although this will be different for everyone. Some start sooner, others later. Most people with a uterus will have their first period by the age of 16. If you still haven’t started by 18, you should speak to a doctor.

When do periods stop?

Periods end when you reach menopause. On average, this happens between the ages of 45 and 55. Your periods won’t just suddenly stop. They’ll gradually become less frequent over time, before eventually ending altogether. When your periods start becoming less frequent, this phase is known as perimenopause.

Masturbation

Everyone does it. Masturbation comes in a variety of different forms, but its ultimate aim is to provide a sense of sexual relief and satisfaction. Perhaps most importantly of all, masturbation has been repeatedly proven to help alleviate stress.

“Morning after” pill

A form of emergency contraception, this pill needs to be taken within 3 to 5 days of having unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy from occurring. The sooner you take it, the more likely it is to work.

Where to get emergency contraception

• Sexual health clinics

• Doctor’s surgeries

• Walk-in centers

• Certain pharmacies

Non-binary

Anyone who does not identify as a man or woman might be considered non-binary, also known as NB or enby. The non-binary spectrum is diverse, and can even include gender fluid people, whose identity will shift between male, female, and everything in between all throughout their lives.

Non-binary people often choose their own pronouns, and will pick gender-neutral ones like “they/them” or “xe/xem”. Instead of “Mr” or “Mrs”, a person who identifies as non-binary may ask you to write their name with “Mx” in front of it.

OB/GYN

An OB/GYN is a medical professional who specializes in obstetrics (all aspects of pregnancy) and gynecology (the female reproductive system). They are sometimes confused with gynecologists, but they’re not the same (a gynecologist doesn’t specialize in pregnancy).

Oral sex

Oral sex is when someone uses their mouth to stimulate their partner’s genitals and erogenous zones. It can be a form of foreplay or even the main event.

While it’s not possible to get pregnant from having oral sex, STIs can still be spread. Skin-to-skin contact with anyone’s genitals always runs the risk of infection, so check if the other person is regularly having STI screening tests.

Orgasm

An orgasm is the climax of sexual arousal. When you orgasm, the body feels a release of tension and pressure, while at the same time sending intense signals of pleasure to the brain. Your heart rate will also increase, and muscles in your body will rhythmically contract.

If you have a penis, you’ll notice that orgasms often, although not always, release an ejaculation (of semen). This isn’t necessarily the case if you have a vulva, as you can orgasm without ejaculating. Both partner’s pleasure should always be a priority, but it’s also possible to enjoy sex without climax.

What are the different types of orgasms?

Orgasms can happen after stimulating different areas of the body. Some of the most common types of orgasm are:

• Anal orgasm – This happens during anal play when stimulating the P-spot.

• Vaginal orgasm – This deep orgasm can happen through penetrative sex or when using sex toys. It’s the result of G-spot stimulation.

• Clitoral orgasm – A more intense orgasm which happens after stimulating the clitoris. This sensual kind of climax might be felt across the entire surface of the body, making a woman’s skin tingle with excitement. 

• A combined orgasm – During penetrative sex, you can try using your hands or a sex toy to stimulate external pleasure points to make someone have an orgasm. For example, you might enjoy a rabbit vibrator that stimulates both the G-spot and the clitoris at the same time. 

• Erogenous zones – If they’re truly skilled, someone might achieve an orgasm through stimulation of zones like the nipples, breasts, neck, or any other highly sensitive areas.

What are the health benefits of an orgasm?

Orgasms don’t just feel nice. They can actually be good for you. Research shows that the release of tension after an orgasm has the following benefits:

• Reducing headaches

• Improving heart health

• Reducing the impact of menstrual cramps

• Helping you sleep better

• Reducing stress and anxiety

Ovulation

Ovulation is the stage of the menstrual cycle when the ovaries release an egg to be fertilized. This will usually happen around day 14 of your cycle, but it’s different for everyone. Once an egg leaves the ovaries, it travels down into the fallopian tubes, where it waits to become fertilized by sperm. If this happens, the egg implants into the uterus. 

If you want to have a baby, it’s useful to know when you ovulate. If you have a uterus, you’re most fertile for a period of about six days, with ovulation starting around the fifth day. Having regular sex over these six days will increase your chances of having a baby.

How to know when you’re ovulating

There are a few methods of ovulation tracking:

• Menstrual cycle tracking – In a typical 28 day cycle, ovulation happens around day 14. Keep track of your cycle over several months to see how long your cycle is. Count day one as the first day of your period and assume you ovulate about halfway through your cycle.

• Calendar method – Once you’ve observed your cycle for six months, subtract 18 days from your shortest cycle and 11 days from your longest. This will give you your fertile window.

• Cervical mucus – Your discharge (also known as cervical mucus) is usually thick and creamy white. Right before ovulation, it becomes clear and slippery.

• Basal temperature check – You might see your body temperature rise by (32-34℉) during ovulation. Check your temperature often, as a rise could mean you’re about to ovulate.

• Ovulation kits – Similar to taking a pregnancy test, you just need to pee on an indicator strip. Then, the kit will tell you whether or not you’re likely to be ovulating (based on the hormone levels in your pee).

No method is foolproof, so think about combining some of them. The most important thing is that sex remains fun and pleasurable for you and your partner, so try not to put too much pressure on yourself when you’re trying to conceive.

What does it mean if I’m not ovulating?

There are several reasons why you might not be ovulating:

• You’re breastfeeding

• You’re on the contraceptive pill

• You’re menopausal

• You have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

If you’re having trouble getting pregnant or have another reason to believe you might not be ovulating, make sure to reach out to your doctor.

Pansexual

A pansexual person is attracted to people of all genders regardless of gender identity. For this reason, some pansexual people are often mislabelled as bisexual or gay. Pansexual people tend to form their attachments based solely on the personality traits of another person, rather than their appearance.

The patch

The patch is a type of hormonal contraception. It lowers your chances of getting pregnant by releasing hormones that tell the ovaries not to send out eggs during ovulation.

The patch will also make cervical mucus thicken, making it harder for semen to reach an egg. It works in a similar way to the contraceptive pill, but some people prefer the patch because you don’t have to remember to take it every day.

How effective is the patch?

If you change the patch on time every week, you’ll avoid getting pregnant in 99% of cases. Of course, we’re only human and sometimes we’re all forgetful.

Since you have to remember to change your patch regularly (unlike an IUD), the realistic contraceptive rate is 92%.

Does the patch have any side effects?

Just like any hormonal contraception, there are potential side effects like:

• Skin irritation

• Menstrual pain

• Bleeding or spotting

• Breast tenderness

• Abdominal pain

• Headaches

• Weight gain

• Mood swings

• Vaginal infections

Talk to a medical provider if any of these become persistent or concerning.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the name given to an infection of one or more of the female body’s reproductive organs. This could be the ovaries, uterus, or fallopian tubes. When left untreated, PID can cause scar tissue and abscesses, which might lead to an ectopic pregnancy, or infertility.

Symptoms of PID

You may not always notice the symptoms of PID, because they can be mild. If you regularly experience any of the following, it’s worth speaking to a doctor:

• Pain in the lower abdomen and pelvis

• Unusual vaginal discharge that has an unpleasant odor

• Heavy bleeding from the vagina during or after sex, or between periods

• Pain during sex

• Fever with a chill

• Pain when peeing, and a frequent urge to pee

What causes PID?

PID is usually picked up via bacteria from STIs like gonorrhea or chlamydia, which you can get from unprotected sex. Sometimes, bacteria can cause PID immediately after childbirth, abortion, miscarriage, or even a regular menstrual cycle. This is much more rare.

How to prevent PID

The easiest way to prevent PID is to practice safe sex, especially if you have more than one sexual partner. Ideally, you’ll only have sex with people who’ve been tested since their last sexual partner.

That said, if you often have sex with new people, you might not know for sure whether they’ve been tested (even if they say they have). That’s why it’s important to use condoms every time.

Avoid douching or washing inside your vagina, as this can upset the balance of bacteria. You only need to wash your vulva (the outside area including labia and clitoris) using a mild unscented soap. It may also help to regularly test for PID, as the symptoms aren’t always obvious.

Pre-cum

Also called pre-ejaculate, pre-cum is the small amount of fluid which comes out of your penis right before you have an orgasm. It’s almost always involuntary to release this fluid, and it usually doesn’t contain sperm. However, it can happen. It’s possible for pre-cum to contain enough sperm to impregnate a woman if it gets into her vagina. That’s why you can’t rely on the pullout method as contraception.

Pregnancy

When your eggs get fertilized by semen, you’ll become pregnant. It sounds straightforward, but it doesn’t always happen right away. Someone might get pregnant on the first attempt, while others take months.

Missing a period after unprotected sex could be a sign of pregnancy. The best way to know for sure is to take a pregnancy test on the first day of your missed period.

If you’re worried about how long it’s taking you to get pregnant, speak to your doctor about the treatments available. Processes like in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be costly and physically draining, so do your research and make the decision carefully.

A pregnant person will, on average, carry a baby for nine months before giving birth.

Prostate

The prostate is a small gland found below the bladder, in front of the rectum in the male body. It plays an important part in the reproductive cycle, creating the white-gray fluid called semen, which usually shoots out from the penis during orgasm. This fluid is made of citric acid, zinc, and other enzymes which keep sperm cells healthy. The muscles of the prostate are also what helps to push this mixture out of the penis.

Prostate conditions

The prostate, like all parts of the human body, is at risk of certain medical conditions. The main ones to watch out for are:

• Prostate cancer

• Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate)

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia

What are the warning signs of a prostate condition

Catching these conditions early is the best way to prevent them from having a long-lasting impact. If you spot any of the following, it might be smart to visit your doctor:

• Pain in the penis, testicles, or perineum (the bit of skin between your testicles and rectum)

• Needing to pee more often

• A pain whenever peeing or ejaculating

• Difficulty when trying to pee

• A weak pee stream

• Erectile dysfunction

• Blood in your pee or semen

How to keep the prostate healthy

• Regularly get your prostate health checked

• Exercise regularly

• Maintain a healthy diet

• Quit smoking

Pubic lice

Pubic lice, or crabs, are parasitic insects that live off a host — in this case, the human whose body they’ve attached to. These lice attach to your pubic area, usually in the hair. They’re very small, normally measuring no more than 2mm. Pubic lice feed on blood, which they need to survive.

Who can catch pubic lice?

Anyone can catch pubic lice. However, it’s normally spread through sex, which means it’s more common in adults.

Pubic lice can also spread through clothing, bedding, or toilet seats. Don’t worry, though, it’s very rare to catch pubic lice from a toilet seat.

What are the symptoms of pubic lice?

Since pubic lice are so small and difficult to spot, the most obvious symptom is itchy private parts. You might also notice:

• Lice eggs (nits)

• Lice in your pubic hair

• Lice in other hairy areas of your body

How can I protect myself from pubic lice?

Unlike other STIs, the risk of catching pubic lice can’t be lowered by using condoms. But you can help to prevent them from spreading by examining yourself regularly, getting treatment if you notice any lice or nits, and not having sex until the treatment is complete.

Testing for pubic lice

There’s no test for pubic lice — they can only be diagnosed by finding lice or nits in your pubic area. You may notice this yourself, or it may be spotted by your healthcare provider during an exam.

Treatment for pubic lice

Pubic lice can be safely treated in two ways, both of which are found over the counter:

1. A lotion which has 1% permethrin

2. A mousse which has pyrethrin and piperonyl butoxide

Follow the instructions on the packaging for best results.

Once you’ve used the treatment:

• Run a fine-toothed comb through your pubic hair to remove any nits

• Put on clean underwear and clothing

• Use a machine to wash and dry any clothing, bedding or towels you used in the days before you did the treatment, or send them out for dry cleaning

• Let any sexual partners know they need treatment in case they have pubic lice too

• Avoid sexual contact with anyone until you know the treatment has been successful (i.e. no lice have returned)

Long-term effects of pubic lice

Pubic lice don’t spread disease, and usually go away after treatment. But you might get an infection if you scratch the affected area.

Questioning

Some people are lucky enough to know their sexual orientation is from an early age, but that’s not always the case. It’s not unheard of for people to question their sexuality for years, as they try to come to terms with this complex emotional dynamic. The process of reconsidering your own sexual preferences is known as questioning.

The ring

The ring is a contraceptive method where a 5cm-wide soft plastic ring is placed inside the vagina. It releases the hormones estrogen and progestogen into the blood, which stops the ovaries from sending out an egg as part of the monthly ovulation cycle.

Once the ring is put into place, it’s usually left for around 3 weeks to have a proper impact. Unlike some contraceptive methods, you usually insert the ring yourself. If you stop using the ring, your fertility should return to normal within 1-to-3 months.

How effective is the ring?

The ring works in about 99% of cases. This makes it as good at preventing pregnancy as most other types of female contraceptives.

Does the ring have any side effects?

The only confirmed side effects of using the ring are bleeding between periods and changes to the frequency of your cycles. These are both common in the first few months of use, but should stop over time. If your cycles don’t go back to normal, talk to a doctor.

Rhythm Method

Also known as the calendar method, this involves tracking your natural menstrual cycle to predict when you’ll ovulate. Doing this makes it easier for couples to understand when they’re most likely to conceive successfully. 

Your chances of getting pregnant are much higher if you have unprotected sex for a few days before ovulation, during ovulation, and the day after. You’ll need to track your cycle for a few months to get a good idea of when you ovulate.

Role-play

Sometimes couples or groups might want to use different characters or power dynamics as part of their sexual play. This can be as simple as pretending to meet each other for the first time in a bar or going all out on costumes and props. 

Role-playing takes imagination, but can be an exciting way to explore your sexual fantasies with a partner. Our tip? Discuss your expectations of the role-play session before you get started and give everyone a chance to set their boundaries.

Sex toys

Coming in all shapes and sizes, sex toys are made to enhance sexual pleasure – they often make your sex life more fun and fulfilling. Sex toys can be used as a part of foreplay, sex, or when you’re alone and in the mood. The type of toy you use will depend on your own personal tastes (and it’s worth trying out different types to see what you like). 

Some of the most common types of sex toy are:

• Dildos

• Vibrators

• Butt plugs or beads

• Penis rings

• Penis pumps

• Harnesses

• Ropes and ties

STIs

A sexually transmitted infection (STI) is a health condition which can develop after unprotected sex. STIs usually affect the mouth, anus, penis, and vagina, often causing burning, itching, or discharge. 

An STI might sometimes also be called an STD (sexually transmitted disease). These names get swapped out a lot, but STI is more accurate – because they’re infections, not diseases. 

Some common STIs are:

• Chlamydia

• Genital herpes

• Genital warts

• Gonorrhea (clap)

• Hepatitis B

• HIV/AIDS

• Human papillomavirus (HPV)

• Pubic lice (crabs)

• Syphilis

• Trichomoniasis (trick)

• Vaginitis

What are the symptoms of STIs?

Every STI has its own symptoms to watch out for, so it’s worth getting to know your body intimately to watch out for anything unusual.

Because of how many STIs exist, the symptoms to watch for tend to change quite a bit. That said, there are some common telltale signs which are universal across most:

• Discharge from the penis

• Irregular discharge from the vagina (usually changing consistency, with a bad odor)

• Bumps, sores, or warts

• Pain when peeing or ejaculating

• The frequent urge to pee

• Pain during sex

• A rash

• Weight loss

• Aches, pains, fevers, and chills

What can happen if you get an STI?

STIs can have a big impact on your health if left untreated — especially some of the more severe ones like:

• HIV – this virus will develop into AIDS if left untreated

• Syphilis – Your organs and nervous system can be permanently damaged and it’s possible to infect a fetus

Even common STIs like chlamydia can have long-lasting effects on the female reproductive system if left untreated:

• PID

• Ectopic pregnancy

• Infertility

• Chronic pelvic pain

How to treat STIs

The treatment of STIs will vary, depending on the type you have. In a lot of cases, antibiotics or antivirals will be enough to kill any infection. For HIV, medication exists to lessen the symptoms, ensure it doesn’t turn into AIDS, and stop it from spreading.

How to prevent STIs

The easiest way to avoid getting an STI is to always practice safe sex. Be selective with your sexual partners, making sure to always use a condom or only sleep with people who’ll prove they got tested recently. Getting regularly checked yourself is also smart, as it means you’ll catch any potential threats early – making them easier to treat.

Spermicide

Spermicides are substances which block sperm from reaching an egg and fertilizing it. They come in types, like cream, gel, foam, film, and suppositories. While not a foolproof way of preventing pregnancies, they do slow down sperm on their way to an egg, and can even stall them for long enough that sperm cells die. Spermicides can make areas of the skin itchy or irritated, and also can’t stop you getting an STI.

Sterilization

If you decide you don’t want more kids, you have the option to undergo sterilization. This involves having the fallopian tubes clipped or tied. Sometimes this process might be casually referred to as having your “tubes tied”.

How sterilization works

Clipping the fallopian tubes stops a fertilized egg from traveling to the uterus. An egg will still be released by the ovaries every month, but this will be safely absorbed by the body instead of implanting into the uterus.

The sterilization process is usually carried out in one of two ways:

• Clips – Titanium and silicone clips are placed over your tubes to seal them

• Tying and cutting – the tubes are cut and the ends are tied

In extreme cases, your tubes might be removed altogether to guarantee the process.

Despite how it sounds, it’s a pretty simple operation, and you’ll normally be able to go home the same day. Once you’ve recovered from the anesthetic, used the washroom, and eaten, you’ll be discharged.

STI screening

An STI screening is a quick and relatively painless way to see if you have one of the four most common infections – chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, or syphilis. You can give a urine and blood sample to find out if you have any of these conditions. The test can be done in a clinic, or using an at-home kit if you feel more comfortable doing it in private.

While opinions are mixed, a good rule of thumb is to test for an STI every few months, or soon after you’ve been with a new sexual partner. If you notice any unusual symptoms, particularly around your genitals, mouth, or anus, it’s worth getting checked – even if you’re not sexually active.

Syphilis

Syphilis is an STI which can have a long-lasting impact on your health if you ignore it. It’s spread through skin-to-skin contact.

What are the symptoms of syphilis?

Despite how serious it can be, the symptoms of syphilis are usually quite mild. Because of that, it’s hard to know you have an STI. If you spot any of these conditions don’t go away over time, you might want to get tested:

• Small (usually painless) sores and ulcers around the penis, vagina, or anus

• Painful sores in your mouth, on your lips, or near your anus

• White or gray wart-like growths

• A rash on the palms of your hands or the soles of your feet

• Odd white patches inside your mouth

• Continuous flu-like symptoms

• Patchy hair-loss in places like the head, beard, or eyebrows

• Swollen glands

Testing for syphilis

If you’re concerned, you can get tested. A doctor will use a swab to take a fluid sample from any sores or ulcers you’ve got. They may also take blood to check for other STIs, as well as look at the rest of your body for rashes or warts.

Treatment for syphilis

If it turns out you do have syphilis, your doctor will make sure you get the treatment you need. This usually involves antibiotics, which come in the form of capsules or tablets. These last for weeks at a time, with check-ins after six and 12 weeks if syphilis is still present.

How can I protect myself from syphilis?

The easiest way to avoid getting syphilis is to practice safe sex. That means using a condom when you have sex. A latex dental dam can also be used on the vagina or anus during oral sex to lower the chances of an STI spreading.

Long-term effects of syphilis

Syphilis is easily treatable if you notice it. But, if you don’t, it can lead to loads of serious long-term health conditions:

• Heart problems like angina and aortic aneurysms

• Seizures, personality changes, and dementia

• Nerve problems, and gradual degeneration of the joints

• Problems with the skin, testicles, liver, and other organs

Testosterone

Testosterone is a hormone that plays a key role in sex for people of all genders. It’s also important for strong bones, healthy bone density, and ovarian function (if you have ovaries).

For men and people assigned male at birth, testosterone levels impact:

• Development of the penis and testicles

• The growth of facial and bodily hair

• Muscle size and growth

• Deepening of the voice during puberty

• Sperm production

How someone might be affected by a testosterone imbalance

A lack or imbalance of testosterone can have a big impact on the way the body functions.

Too much testosterone can cause:

• Prostate enlargement

• Low sperm count and shrinking of the testicles

• Acne

• Increased appetite and weight gain

• High blood pressure and cholesterol

• Extreme mood swings

• Insomnia

• Regular headaches

• Higher risk of blood clots

Too little testosterone might cause:

• Reduced body fat and facial hair

• Low muscle mass

• Brittle bones

• Lack of body hair

• Low libido, impotence, small testicles, reduced sperm count and infertility

• Poor concentration

If you’re worried about your testosterone levels, speak to a medical professional. They should be able to point you in the right direction for receiving healthy and safe treatment. 

Thrush

Vaginal thrush is a yeast infection, which as many as 75% of women will experience at some time in their life. It’s caused when natural levels of yeast bacteria, which normally live in the bowel, become inflated. Thrush isn’t considered an STI, but something called balanitis of the penis can be caused by having unprotected sex with a woman who has the condition.

Symptoms of thrush

The symptoms of thrush are usually quite easy to spot, which makes it one of the easier infections to notice and treat. Look out for:

• Itching or burning in the vagina or vulva

• A thick white discharge from the vagina

• Redness or swelling

• Splits and cracks in the skin around the genitals

• A stinging or burning sensation when peeing

Treatment of thrush

The most important part of thrush treatment is to reduce the amount of yeast in the infected area. This can normally be done with the help of treatments from a pharmacist. You may not even need a prescription. The most effective are:

• Antifungal creams or vaginal suppositories (pessaries) – These are rubbed inside the vagina and used for up to seven days. You may need to repeat the treatment for the best results. Also be aware that using this cream can weaken and damage condoms.

• A single 150 mg dose tablet (called Fluconazole) – While less admin, these types of pills tend to be a bit more expensive. It’s also not recommended to take them if you’re pregnant.

How to prevent thrush

To prevent vaginal thrush from affecting you, keep the following in mind:

• Wipe from front to back after using the toilet

• Avoid scented hygiene products

• Wash your vulva using a mild, unscented soap and avoid douching

• Don’t use perfumed toilet papers

• Don’t wear tight-fitting underwear (comfy cotton is always best)

Transgender

As many as 1.4 million adults in the US alone identify as transgender, meaning they live life as a different gender to the one assigned at birth. A lot of people accept the gender they were assigned, or even feel a strong connection to it. That’s not the case for transgender people.

It’s possible to transition to another gender. Some transgender people choose to change their name and their pronouns to reflect the gender they identify with the most. Some might choose hormone therapy or surgery to feel more closely aligned to a specific gender. That said, you don’t need to medically transition in order to identify as transgender.

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is a treatable STI that’s caused by a protozoan parasite called trichomonas vaginalis. Despite how complex it sounds, it’s very common, with research showing over a million people in the US catch it each year.

Who can catch trichomoniasis?

Anyone who’s sexually active can catch trichomoniasis, but women and people with vulvas are more likely to than men. Older women are more likely to catch it than younger ones. Having unprotected sex increases the risk.

What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?

Most people with trichomoniasis don’t get symptoms, which is why it’s important to go for regular sexual health testing if you’re sexually active.

Get checked out if you have issues with any of the following symptoms.

If you have a vulva:

• Discomfort when urinating

• Sore genitals (i.e. burning, itching or redness)

• Discharge that could be clear, white, yellow or green, with a fishy smell

If you have a penis:

• A burning sensation after peeing or ejaculating

• Sore, itchy genitals

• Discharge from the genitals

How can I protect myself from trichomoniasis?

If you’re sexually active you can better protect yourself from trichomoniasis by using condoms every time you have sex. If you’re in a mutually monogamous relationship, you can both do an STI screening before you decide to stop using condoms.

If you have a vulva:

Testing for trichomoniasis

If you’re tested for trichomoniasis, your doctor will do a physical exam. They may also send a urine sample or swab to a lab for analysis. Your healthcare provider will get in touch when your results are ready.

Treatment for trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is treated with oral medication.

Long-term effects of trichomoniasis

If left untreated, trichomoniasis can increase your risk of catching and spreading other STIs.

Unprotected sex

When a couple or group has sex without a condom or birth control, it’s known as unprotected sex. This type of sex is risky, because the chances of picking up an STI or getting pregnant are much higher.

If you’re worried about getting pregnant after having unprotected sex, you can either get an appointment to have an IUD inserted, or take the morning after pill. If you’re worried about your sexual health, visit a SHC or GUM clinic to get tested straight away.

Uterus

The uterus is a pear-shaped organ which plays an important role in the female reproduction cycle.

What does the uterus do?

Each month, the uterus lining thickens as it gets your body ready for pregnancy. If you don’t get pregnant, this thick lining will shed and leave the body with your period blood.

If you do get pregnant, the uterus is there to nurture the fertilized egg. The egg will embed itself into the thick, spongy lining in a process called implantation.

For the next nine months, the uterus is your baby’s base camp. This is where it grows and gets nutrients. It also helps you to push the baby out during childbirth by contracting.

Uterus conditions and disorders

Just like any other organ in the body, a bunch of conditions can impact the health of the uterus. Some of the most common are:

• Fibroids

• Polyps

• Cancer

• Endometriosis

• PID

• Prolapse

• Infertility

Common symptoms of a uterus condition

Spotting the warning signs early is the best way to keep your uterus healthy. Some of the symptoms to watch for are:

• Changes or issues with your menstrual cycle

• Irregular bleeding from your vagina

• Pelvic pain

• Irregular vaginal discharge

• Difficulty with getting pregnant

• A painful feeling when peeing

If you notice any of these symptoms, make sure to talk to a medical professional immediately.

UTI

A urinary tract infection (UTI) happens when bacteria and other microbes infect any part of the urinary tract. Depending on exactly where the infection is, the name given to a UTI will be different:

• Cystitis – If it’s in the bladder

• Urethritis – If it’s in the urethra

• Pyelonephritis – If it’s in the kidneys

Anyone can get a UTI, but it’s a lot more common in people with vaginas. That’s partly because the urethra is shorter and more vulnerable to bacteria.

Symptoms of a UTI

UTIs usually have pretty uncomfortable symptoms. Not ideal, but it does at least mean you’ll spot the signs and get treatment quickly. Some of the most common are:

• The urge to frequently go to the toilet

• A pain or burning sensation when peeing

• A sudden urge to pee out of nowhere

• Cloudy pee that is strong-smelling

• Blood in your pee

• A feeling like the bladder is not fully empty after going to the washroom

• Feeling unwell and tired

How to treat a UTI

A simple course of antibiotics should cure a UTI. If you’re still feeling unwell after taking them, go back to your doctor.

How to prevent a UTI

If you want to reduce the chances of getting a UTI, follow these simple steps:

• Drink water regularly throughout the day — if your pee is a pale yellow color, that’s a good sign you’re hydrated

• Make sure the bladder is always completely empty when peeing

• Pee as soon as you can after sex

• Wear loose-fitting underwear

• Keep your genitals and the surrounding area clean

• Avoiding using perfumed products on your intimate areas

Urethra

The urethra is a tube in your body that helps you pee. In people assigned male at birth, the urethra passes through the prostate. It’s much shorter in the female body, making a short trip from the bladder to the opening of the vagina.

What does the urethra do?

The urethra serves as the passage through which pee leaves the bladder and passes out of the body. It also carries semen, if you have a penis. Without the urethra, none of these fluids would be able to leave the body in a normal way.

What medical conditions are associated with the urethra?

The urethra is just as likely to get infected as anywhere else in the body. Standard medical conditions which affect the urethra are:

• UTIs

• Urethritis

• Urethral strictures

• Genitourinary vaginal fistulas

• Urethral cancer

You may have one of these conditions if you spot any of these symptoms:

• Pain when peeing, or not being able to pee

• Blood in your pee

• Odd discharge from your urethra

If you’re worried, speak to your doctor.

How to take care of your urethra

Maintaining your urethral health is the best way to prevent yourself from getting any medical conditions. Here’s how to do that:

• Try not to smoke or use any tobacco products

• Watch your diet and stay at a healthy weight

• Lower your caffeine and alcohol intake

• Regularly exercise

• Completely empty your bladder when peeing

• Try to pee soon after sex

• Wear cotton underwear which isn’t too tight

• Wear a jockstrap if you play sports

Vaginal health

Practicing good vaginal health is an important part of protecting your body. But knowing how to do that can be a challenge. Here are some of the best ways to take care of your vagina:

• Cleaning. While the vagina is self-cleaning internally, you’ll still need to clean the outside (the vulva) daily. Using warm water and a gentle, natural soap is best for this. Try not to use perfumed products here, because they might trigger yeast infections or BV. Wipe from front to back after using the bathroom, as this reduces the chance of getting a UTI.

• Practicing hygienic sex. Only use body-safe products, like water-based lube, during sex. If you like the idea of food play (hello whipped cream) avoid getting any on your vulva. After sex, always use the toilet and wash yourself.

• What to wear. The underwear you have on can play a big role in vaginal health. Cotton is best, and try to avoid anything that grips too tightly. Change your underwear twice a day if you have heavy discharge. If your underwear becomes damp for any other reason, it’s best to change it right away.

• Pubic hair. How you want to style your pubic hair is totally up to you. If you want to keep some or all of it, just make sure to regularly wash it. If you shave it completely, watch out for razor burn and irritation. Cuts when shaving can also spread bacteria to the vaginal area, so be careful. Using hair removal cream isn’t advised, because this can damage the sensitive skin around your vulva.

• General vaginal hygiene. Change your tampon or pad regularly (up to five times a day if needed) when on your period. Staying hydrated will also help to fight bacterial overgrowth, and stop any stress-related sweat.

Vibrators

Vibrators are a type of sex toy that buzz or rumble to stimulate your erogenous zones. The most famous type of vibrator might be the rabbit, but you can also get clitoral suction or G-spot vibrators, as well as vibrating dildos, butt plugs, and anal beads.

The vibrating sensation can turn you on, heighten sexual pleasure, and make it easier for you to orgasm. It’s always recommended to use a toy-safe, water-based lube to reduce friction and enhance the good vibes while you play.

And make sure to always clean your vibrator after the fun is done. Dirty vibrators can cause UTIs and even spread STIs. Try using antibacterial, unscented soap in warm water — but read the instructions first. Most toys should come with advice on how to safely clean them.

Well-woman visits

Well-woman visits are diagnostic tests with a specialist consultant, specifically for women. They’re an important part of preventative care for most conditions and diseases, as they help to spot any warning signs early.

They may also uncover conditions which haven’t been diagnosed yet, making it easier to create an action plan that will help to treat them. During a visit, your doctor might ask you questions about things like:

• Age

• Weight

• Height

• Pre-existing medical conditions

• Medication

• Medical history

• History of illness in the family

• Dietary habits

• Lifestyle and exercise habits

• Relationship status

A physical exam is also normal. These usually involve:

• A skin, nail, and hair inspection

• A breast exam

• A joint inspection

• A pelvic exam

• A rectal exam

• An abdominal exam

• An ear exam

• An eye exam

If the doctor notices anything slightly odd, they may tell you to get more tests for specific conditions. These will change depending on what they’ve spotted.

X-rated

This colloquial term is used for anything which might be considered risque or “not safe for work” (NSFW). You may have heard this term used in relation to pornography. It can also be used to describe a movie which contains extreme adult themes or images.

Yeast infection

A yeast infection is a fungal infection that causes discomfort in the vagina and vulva. An intense itchiness, as well as a thick discharge, are the most common issues associated with this kind of condition. While not an STI itself, yeast infections can be triggered, or become worse, when you’re having sex a lot.

Symptoms of a yeast infection

How bad your infection is will determine how severe your symptoms are. Here’s what to look out for:

• Itching and irritation in the vagina and vulva

• A burning sensation during sex

• A burning sensation when peeing

• Redness and swelling of the vulva

• A vaginal rash

• A thick, white vaginal discharge (which might smell like cottage cheese)

• Watery vaginal discharge

Causes of a yeast infection

Yeast infections are usually caused by a fungus called candida albicans. When this bacteria builds up or travels deeper into the vagina, it’ll cause an infection. This might happen as a result of:

• Antibiotic use

• Pregnancy

• Diabetes which hasn’t been controlled

• A poor immune system

• Hormone therapies that increase estrogen levels

How to prevent a yeast infection

Yeast infections aren’t always controllable, but there are steps you can take to lower the chances of getting one.

• Don’t wear tight-fitting underwear and pantyhose

• Try not to douche, because this can remove normal bacteria from the vagina

• Avoid hot tubs and overly hot baths

• Wearing wet clothes for too long can trigger bacteria growth

• Some scented feminine products can cause yeast to grow